1、The PAP,formally established in 1982,demonstrated Chinas efforts to professionalize its security apparatus to enforce laws,maintain order,and manage service activities.2 The Central Military Commission(CMC)established the PAP under dual Party and state leadership.Its roots lie in the Public Security
2、 Force,however,established in 1949.This predecessor organization underwent numerous reorganizations,with control shifting between the PLA and the Ministry of Public Security.The Public Security Force oversaw diverse functionsencompassing law enforcement,forestry,infrastructure protection,and even fi
3、refightingwhich resulted in an unfocused force with an unclear mission.This legacy continued into the PAP.To address these challenges,the CCP restructured the PAP multiple times in the past few decades.In 2018,the PAP underwent significant reforms,which subordinated the PAP directly to the Central M
4、ilitary Commission,replacing its previous dual civilian-military leadership(see figures 2 and 3).This restructuring placed the PAP firmly under the control of the CCP and Xi Jinping,removing local and provincial officials ability to independently deploy PAP units.3 This restructure also streamlined
