RAND_RRA1180-1 网络空间的竞争与约束：国际规范在促进美国网络安全中的作用

NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTEMICHAEL J. MAZARR, BRYAN FREDERICK, EMILY ELLINGER, BENJAMIN BOUDREAUXCompetition and Restraint in CyberspaceThe Role of International Norms in Promoting U.S. CybersecurityCompetition and Restraint in CyberspaceMAZARR ET AL.Recent years have seen a mounting concern in the United States over foreign efforts to harm election security or legitimacy through cyber means, increased cyber espionage, and attacks of growing sophistication. The United States has been engaged for almost a decade in international negotiations over agreed normative constraints on such activities, but the prospects for a comprehensive international agreement appear dim.In this report, the authors develop a renewed agenda for utilizing cyber norms to limit destabilizing behavior in cyberspace. To do so, they survey the literature on norms and norm emergence and describe the process by which norms tend to arise. They identify the common and conflicting interests that major states have in cyberspace, summarize the history of intergovernmental and private-sector initiatives on cyber norms, outline the principles governing U.S. policy on the issue since 2007, and survey current prop