[20181203]IF11036_美国石油和天然气转化及其影响.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov December 3, 2018U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Transformation and EffectsOverview U.S. oil and natural gas production has increased substantially since 2008 (Figure 1). These increases have important policy implications for energy markets, infrastructure, security, and the environment. These complex and interrelated implications have been both positive and negative, depending on perspectives, resulting in a variety of conflicts as well as enormous opportunities. Stakeholders, at times, turn to the courts to address conflicts, such as ensuring that fuel production and consumption comply with federal environmental laws. In the 115th Congress, the House and Senate debated major energy legislation addressing expanding production, pipeline permitting, exports, and energy development on federal land, among other topics. Oil and Natural Gas The U.S. oil and natural gas industry has gone through a “renaissance” of production. Technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, among other factors, have unlocked enormous oil and natural gas resources from unconventional formations, such as shale. Oil has surpassed levels of production not se