[20211109]IF11965_可卡因：裂缝和粉末量刑差异.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov November 9, 2021Cocaine: Crack and Powder Sentencing DisparitiesDistinguishing Crack and Powder Cocaine Cocaine is a stimulant drug, usually distributed in a powder form that can be snorted or injected after being dissolved in water. It can also appear in a more solid, chunk form, known as cocaine base or crack, which can be smoked. Whether consumed in powder or crack form, cocaine produces the same type of physiological and psychotropic effects; however, the route of administration affects the onset, duration, and intensity of these effects. The maximum psychotropic effects take longer to reach when snorting powder cocaine versus either injecting powder cocaine or smoking crack cocaine, but the effects last longer. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) notes that cocaine is easy to obtain in the United States, and its availability is steady. The cocaine consumed in the United States is generally produced in Colombia, and Colombian transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) largely control its production and supply. The Southwest border is the main entry point for cocaine flowing into the United States, and Mexican TCOs control its transportatio